Τούτων δὲ διωρισμένων σκεπτέον ὁπως ἔχουσιν αἱ ἀπο||φάσεις καὶ
καταφάσεις πρὸς ἀλλήλας αἱ τοῦ δυνατὸν εἶναι | καὶ μὴ δυνατὸν
καὶ ἐνδεχόμενον καὶ μὴ ἐνδεχόμενον καὶ | περὶ τοῦ ἀδυνάτου τε
καὶ ἀναγκαίου· ἔχει γὰρ ἀπορίας τινάς. |
Εἰ γὰρ τῶν συμπλεκομένων αὗται ἀλλήλαις ἀντίκεινται
ἀν|τιφάσεις, ὅσα κατὰ τὸ εἶναι καὶ μὴ εἶναι τάττονται, οἷον || τοῦ
εἶναι ἄνθρωπον ἀπόφασις τὸ μὴ εἶναι ἄνθρωπον, οὐ τὸ εἶναι | μὴ
ἄνθρωπον, καὶ τοῦ εἶναι λευκὸν ἄνθρωπον τὸ μὴ εἶναι λευ|κὸν
ἄνθρωπον, ἀλλ᾿ οὐ τὸ εἶναι μὴ λευκὸν ἄνθρωπον ― εἰ γὰρ | κατὰ
παντὸς ἡ κατάφασις ἢ ἡ ἀπόφασις, τὸ φύλον ἔσται || ἀληθὲς εἰπεῖν
εἶναι μὴ λευκὸν ἄνθρωπον ―, εἰ δὲ τοῦτο οὕτως, | καὶ ὅσοις τὸ
εἶναι μὴ προστίθεται, τὸ αὐτὸ ποιήσει τὸ ἀντὶ | τοῦ εἶναι λεγό-
μενον, οἷον τοῦ ἄνθρωπος βαδίζει οὐ τὸ οὐκ ἄνθρω|πος βαδίζει
ἀπόφασις ἔσται, ἀλλὰ τὸ οὐ βαδίζει ἄνθρωπος | ― οὐδὲν γὰρ δια-
φέρει εἰπεῖν ἄνθρωπον βαδίζειν ἢ ἄνθρωπον βα――δίζοντα εἶναι ―,
ὥστε εἰ οὕτω πανταχοῦ, καὶ τοῦ δυνατὸν εἶναι ― ἀπόφασις ἔσται τὸ
δυνατὸν μὴ εἶναι, ἀλλ᾿ οὐ τὸ μὴ δυνατὸν ― εἶναι.
Δοκεῖ δὲ αὐτὸ δύνασθαι καὶ εἶναι καὶ μὴ εἶναι· | πᾶν γὰρ τὸ
δυνατὸν τέμνεσθαι ἢ βαδίζειν καὶ μὴ βαδίζειν | καὶ μὴ τέμνεσθαι
δυνατόν. λόγος δέ, ὅτι ἅπαν τὸ οὕτω δυ||νατὸν οὐκ ἀεὶ ἐνεργεῖ,
ὥστε ὑπάρξει αὐτῷ καὶ ἡ ἀπόφασις· | δύναται γὰρ καὶ μὴ βαδίζειν
τὸ βαδιστικὸν καὶ μὴ ὁρᾶσθαι | τὸ ὁρατόν.
Ἀλλὰ μὴν ἀδύνατον κατὰ τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἀληθεύεσθαι | τὰς ἀντι-
κειμένας φάσεις· οὐκ ἄρα τοῦ δυνατὸν εἶναι | τὸ δυνατὸν μὴ εἶναι
αὕτη ἀπόφασίς ἐστι. συμβαίνει γὰρ ἐκ τούτων ἢ τὸ || αὐτὸ φάναι
καὶ ἀποφάναι ἅμα καὶ κατὰ τοῦ αὐτοῦ, ἢ μὴ | κατὰ τὸ εἶναι καὶ
μὴ εἶναι τὰ προστιθέμενα γίγνεσθαι φάσεις | καὶ ἀποφάσεις. εἰ
οὖν ἐκεῖνο ἀδύνατον, τοῦτο ἂν εἴη αἱρετόν. |
Ἔστιν ἄρα ἀπόφασις τοῦ δυνατὸν εἶναι τὸ μὴ δυνατὸν εἶναι. |
ὁ δὲ αὐτὸς λόγος καὶ περὶ τοῦ ἐνδεχόμενον εἶναι· καὶ γὰρ || τούτου
ἀπόφασις τὸ μὴ ἐνδεχόμενον εἶναι. καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων | δὲ ὁμοιο-
τρόπως, οἷον ἀναγκαίου τε καὶ ἀδυνάτου. γίγνεται γάρ, | ὥσπερ
ἐπ᾿ ἐκείνων τὸ εἶναι καὶ τὸ μὴ εἶναι προσθέσεις, τὰ δ᾿ | ὑποκείμε-
να πράγματα τὸ μὲν λευκός, τὸ δὲ ἄνθρωπος, οὕτως | ἐνταῦθα τὸ
μὲν εἶναι καὶ μὴ εἶναι ὡς ὑποκείμενον γίγνεται, || τὸ δὲ δύνασθαι
καὶ τὸ ἐνδέχεσθαι προσθέσεις διορίζουσαι, | ὥσπερ ἐπ᾿ ἐκείνων τὸ
εἶναι καὶ μὴ εἶναι τὸ ἀληθὲς καὶ τὸ | ψεῦδος, ὁμοίως αὗται ἐπὶ τοῦ
εἶναι δυνατὸν καὶ εἶναι οὐ δυνα|τόν.
Τοῦ δὲ δυνατὸν μὴ εἶναι ἀπόφασις | τὸ οὐ δυνατὸν μὴ εἶναι. ||
διὸ καὶ ἀκολουθεῖν | ἂν δόξαιεν ἀλλήλαις αἱ δυνατὸν εἶναι ― δυ-
νατὸν μὴ | εἶναι· τὸ γὰρ αὐτὸ δυνατὸν εἶναι καὶ μὴ εἶναι· οὐ γὰρ
ἀντι|φάσεις ἀλλήλων αἱ τοιαῦται. | ἀλλὰ τὸ δυνατὸν εἶναι καὶ τὸ
μὴ δυνατὸν εἶναι οὐδέποτε || ἐπὶ τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἅμα ἀληθεύονται·
ἀντίκεινται γάρ. οὐδέ γε τὸ | δυνατὸν μὴ εἶναι καὶ τὸ οὐ δυνατὸν
μὴ εἶναι οὐδέποτε ἅμα ἐπὶ | τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἀληθεύονται.
Καὶ καθόλου δέ, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, τὸ μὲν εἶναι καὶ μὴ | εἶναι δεῖ
τιθέναι ὡς τὰ ὑποκείμενα, κατάφασιν δὲ καὶ ἀπό||φασιν ταῦτα
ποιοῦντα πρὸς τὸ εἶναι καὶ μὴ εἶναι συνάπτειν. | καὶ ταύτας
οἴεσθαι χρὴ εἶναι τὰς ἀντικειμένας φάσεις, δυ|νατόν ― οὐ δυνα-
τόν, ἐνδεχόμενον ― οὐκ ἐνδεχόμενον, ἀδύνατον ― | οὐκ ἀδύνατον,
ἀναγκαῖον ― οὐκ ἀναγκαῖον, [ἀληθές ― οὐκ ἀληθές]. |
-작성중-